介绍
# Docker Essentials
用于容器和镜像管理的基本 Docker 命令。
## 容器生命周期
### 运行容器 ```bash # Run container from image docker run nginx
# Run in background (detached) docker run -d nginx
# Run with name docker run --name my-nginx -d nginx
# Run with port mapping docker run -p 8080:80 -d nginx
# Run with environment variables docker run -e MY_VAR=value -d app
# Run with volume mount docker run -v /host/path:/container/path -d app
# Run with auto-remove on exit docker run --rm alpine echo "Hello"
# Interactive terminal docker run -it ubuntu bash ```
### 管理容器 ```bash # List running containers docker ps
# List all containers (including stopped) docker ps -a
# Stop container docker stop container_name
# Start stopped container docker start container_name
# Restart container docker restart container_name
# Remove container docker rm container_name
# Force remove running container docker rm -f container_name
# Remove all stopped containers docker container prune ```
## 容器检查与调试
### 查看日志 ```bash # Show logs docker logs container_name
# Follow logs (like tail -f) docker logs -f container_name
# Last 100 lines docker logs --tail 100 container_name
# Logs with timestamps docker logs -t container_name ```
### 执行命令 ```bash # Execute command in running container docker exec container_name ls -la
# Interactive shell docker exec -it container_name bash
# Execute as specific user docker exec -u root -it container_name bash
# Execute with environment variable docker exec -e VAR=value container_name env ```
### 检查 ```bash # Inspect container details docker inspect container_name
# Get specific field (JSON path) docker inspect -f '{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' container_name
# View container stats docker stats
# View specific container stats docker stats container_name
# View processes in container docker top container_name ```
## 镜像管理
### 构建镜像 ```bash # Build from Dockerfile docker build -t myapp:1.0 .
# Build with custom Dockerfile docker build -f Dockerfile.dev -t myapp:dev .
# Build with build args docker build --build-arg VERSION=1.0 -t myapp .
# Build without cache docker build --no-cache -t myapp . ```
### 管理镜像 ```bash # List images docker images
# Pull image from registry docker pull nginx:latest
# Tag image docker tag myapp:1.0 myapp:latest
# Push to registry docker push myrepo/myapp:1.0
# Remove image docker rmi image_name
# Remove unused images docker image prune
# Remove all unused images docker image prune -a ```
## Docker Compose
### 基本操作 ```bash # Start services docker-compose up
# Start in background docker-compose up -d
# Stop services docker-compose down
# Stop and remove volumes docker-compose down -v
# View logs docker-compose logs
# Follow logs for specific service docker-compose logs -f web
# Scale service docker-compose up -d --scale web=3 ```
### 服务管理 ```bash # List services docker-compose ps
# Execute command in service docker-compose exec web bash
# Restart service docker-compose restart web
# Rebuild service docker-compose build web
# Rebuild and restart docker-compose up -d --build ```
## 网络
```bash # List networks docker network ls
# Create network docker network create mynetwork
# Connect container to network docker network connect mynetwork container_name
# Disconnect from network docker network disconnect mynetwork container_name
# Inspect network docker network inspect mynetwork
# Remove network docker network rm mynetwork ```
## 卷
```bash # List volumes docker volume ls
# Create volume docker volume create myvolume
# Inspect volume docker volume inspect myvolume
# Remove volume docker volume rm myvolume
# Remove unused volumes docker volume prune
# Run with volume docker run -v myvolume:/data -d app ```
## 系统管理
```bash # View disk usage docker system df
# Clean up everything unused docker system prune
# Clean up including unused images docker system prune -a
# Clean up including volumes docker system prune --volumes
# Show Docker info docker info
# Show Docker version docker version ```
## 常见工作流
**开发容器：** ```bash docker run -it --rm \ -v $(pwd):/app \ -w /app \ -p 3000:3000 \ node:18 \ npm run dev ```
**数据库容器：** ```bash docker run -d \ --name postgres \ -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret \ -e POSTGRES_DB=mydb \ -v postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \ -p 5432:5432 \ postgres:15 ```
**快速调试：** ```bash # Shell into running container docker exec -it container_name sh
# Copy file from container docker cp container_name:/path/to/file ./local/path
# Copy file to container docker cp ./local/file container_name:/path/in/container ```
**多阶段构建：** ```dockerfile # Dockerfile FROM node:18 AS builder WORKDIR /app COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm install COPY . . RUN npm run build
FROM nginx:alpine COPY --from=builder /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html ```
## 常用参数
**`docker run` 参数：** - `-d`: Detached mode (后台运行) - `-it`: Interactive terminal (交互式终端) - `-p`: Port mapping (host:container) (端口映射 主机:容器) - `-v`: Volume mount (卷挂载) - `-e`: Environment variable (环境变量) - `--name`: Container name (容器名称) - `--rm`: Auto-remove on exit (退出时自动删除) - `--network`: Connect to network (连接到网络)
**`docker exec` 参数：** - `-it`: Interactive terminal (交互式终端) - `-u`: User (用户) - `-w`: Working directory (工作目录)
## 提示
- 使用 `.dockerignore` 从构建上下文中排除文件 - 在 Dockerfile 中合并 `RUN` 命令以减少层数 - 使用多阶段构建以减小镜像大小 - 始终使用版本标记您的镜像 - 对一次性容器使用 `--rm` - 对多容器应用使用 `docker-compose` - 定期使用 `docker system prune` 进行清理
## 文档
官方文档： https://docs.docker.com/ Dockerfile 参考： https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/ Compose 文件参考： https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/